The history of architecture traces changes in architecture across traditions, regions, stylistic trends, and dates; these traditions are thought to have begun as humans met the basic need for shelter and protection.
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In the history of architecture, Francesco di Giorgio (1439 to 1502) and Giuliano da Sangallo (circa 1445 to 1516) were making numerous studies of ancient monuments by the 1480s, transforming the models into new designs. Reconstructing the Campidoglio from fragmentary ruins, Francesco annotated it as "largely imagined by me, since very little can be understood from the ruins." Art Nouveau architecture includes the Paris Metro entrance at Porte Dauphine by Hector Guimard (1900), whose cast-iron and glass canopy is as much sculpture as it is architecture. Baroque urban planning and renewal, promoted by the church and the state, was a manifestation of power and authority on the grandest scale. It was the first era since antiquity to experience mass migration into cities, and urban planners took idealistic measures to regulate them.
Bauhaus architecture champions functional design through clean lines, geometric forms, and minimal ornamentation, reflecting the belief that form follows function. The movement profoundly influenced modern architecture and design principles.
The Fountainhead by Ayn Rand tells the story of young architect Howard Roark and the denunciation he faces from an enraged society, bringing an architect's integrity and society's response to creation into view.
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