The aftermath of World War II in Japan was a period of foreign occupation and administration by the Allies, beginning with Japan's surrender on September 2, 1945, and ending when the Treaty of San Francisco took effect on April 28, 1952; it was the only time in Japan's history that the country was occupied by a foreign power.
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Between 1947 and 1949, approximately 5,800,000 acres (23,000 km2) of land, approximately 38% of Japan's cultivated land, were purchased from landlords and resold at extremely low prices (after inflation) to the farmers who worked them. Wolf Ladejinsky from SCAP led the reform, but Ladejinsky would claim that Hiroo Wada, former Japanese Minister of Agriculture and Forestry, was its real architect.
In postwar Japan, Shinto was declared a religion and separated from the state as part of reforms intended to foster a new democratic ideal. Under state Shinto, Japanese people saw it as a duty to revere what they believed was their divine emperor. A primary concern for the Americans was the Japanese education system. Democracy had to be fostered among Japanese youth if it was to take hold in a country long governed by different ideals.
The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle (ねじまき鳥クロニクル, Nejimakidori Kuronikuru) is a novel published in 1994 to 1995 by Japanese author Haruki Murakami. Its English translation by Jay Rubin was first published in 1997.
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